What Is Eczema? Symptoms and Causes of Eczema

Eczema is an umbrella term for a number of skin conditions characterized by irritated, dry, and very sensitive skin. 

There are many potential causes of eczema, and addressing underlying imbalances can often bring significant relief from persistent skin discomfort. 

Discover the common triggers of eczema and learn about simple but effective remedies to support the integrity of the skin’s barrier function, soothe itching, and promote healing. 

What is eczema?

Eczema is a common skin disease that refers to a group of skin conditions causing inflammation, dryness, and itching. 

According to data published by the National Eczema Association (NEA), over 10 percent of the U.S. population will experience some form of eczema at some point in their lifetime.¹

It affects people of all ages, with childhood eczema being especially common, though many individuals also experience adult eczema. 

The most frequent form of eczema is atopic eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, which is a chronic condition characterized by red, itchy, inflamed, and very dry skin.

In addition, there are several other types of eczema, each presenting with distinct features and symptoms. 

For example, allergic contact dermatitis is triggered by exposure to allergens or irritants, causing the skin to react with redness and swelling. 

Another type is dyshidrotic eczema, which presents as small, itchy blisters on the hands and feet, while seborrheic dermatitis causes scaly and itchy patches, usually affecting oily areas such as the scalp or face.

While eczema isn’t contagious, it can be uncomfortable and even painful, and often negatively affects the self-esteem and mental health of those affected. 

Watch the video below to discover a simple remedy to support healthy skin. 

Symptoms of eczema 

People with eczema tend to experience a variety of symptoms, which can range from mild to severe skin discomfort. 

Common signs and symptoms of eczema include:

• Itchy skin
• Very dry skin 
• Scaly skin 
• Skin redness and irritation
• Cracked or rough skin patches 

Persistent skin rashes and inflammation, particularly in more severe eczema cases, can also lead to permanent discoloration. This discoloration tends to be more noticeable in individuals with lighter skin tones than those with brown or black skin.

In addition, those affected by eczema often report sleep issues due to intense itching and discomfort, which can make it difficult to fall asleep or stay asleep through the night.

Microbial skin infections are also a common side effect of eczema, as the damaged skin barrier makes it easier for bacteria, viruses, and fungi to enter and multiply. 

What causes eczema?

According to research published in StatPearls, a combination of genetic and environmental factors, along with poor immune system function, likely plays a key role in the development of eczema.² 

The study also reports that individuals with a family history of asthma, hay fever, or allergies are at increased risk of developing atopic dermatitis, suggesting a strong genetic link.

In addition, due to immune system dysfunction and chronic inflammation, those with an autoimmune disease may be more susceptible to eczema triggers such as food sensitivities or allergies to environmental irritants such as dust mites or pet dander. 

Furthermore, eczema flare-ups appear to be linked to hormonal fluctuations, which may help explain why periods of chronic stress, pregnancy, and menopause often coincide with worsening symptoms. 

Hormonal changes can impact the immune system and skin barrier function, contributing to increased skin sensitivity and inflammation.

Other common eczema triggers include:

• Harsh soaps or shampoos 
• Synthetic fabrics 
• Excessive sweating 
• Nutritional deficiencies 
• Food allergies
• Poor detoxification processes

Because eczema can resemble other skin conditions, an accurate eczema diagnosis is essential,  and highlights the importance of consulting a health care provider for guidance. 

Natural remedies for eczema

While mild to moderate eczema cases can be managed with topical steroids, these treatments often have side effects and can cause skin thinning or irritation with long-term use. 

For those seeking gentler alternatives, several natural approaches may help soothe symptoms and support skin healing.

Here are four simple natural remedies to help relieve an eczema rash. 

1. Apple cider vinegar

Evidence published in PLOS One suggests, “There is increasing interest in complementary and alternative treatments for atopic dermatitis, especially apple cider vinegar, given its antimicrobial properties.”³

It’s believed that topical application of diluted apple cider vinegar may help restore the skin’s natural acidity, which is often disrupted in those with eczema. 

Apple cider vinegar’s mild acidity can support the skin barrier, discourage the growth of harmful bacteria, and reduce inflammation, all crucial aspects for managing eczema.

However, it’s important to perform a patch test first to avoid irritation, especially on sensitive or broken skin.

2. Coconut oil 

Extra-virgin coconut oil has long been used as a natural skin care tool for managing inflammatory skin conditions, including eczema and psoriasis. 

Coconut oil is a rich source of lauric acid, with potent antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce the risk of infection, calm irritated skin, and support healing.

When applied to affected skin, coconut oil can act as a moisturizing agent and support skin cell function, thereby promoting optimal skin barrier function and overall skin integrity.  

3. Aloe vera 

Aloe vera is another widely used topical application for managing irritated skin and other eczema symptoms. 

Research published in Frontiers in Pharmacology suggests that aloe vera’s bioactive compounds, including aloin, emodin, and amino acids, support skin regeneration, reduce inflammation, and provide antibacterial and antioxidant effects.⁴ 

In addition, pure aloe vera gel creates a cooling sensation that can calm itchiness and help reduce flare-ups.

4. Turmeric lotion

Turmeric-containing topical therapies have gained considerable attention for their potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which may offer relief for those affected by eczema and other inflammatory skin disorders. 

Using a turmeric-infused lotion may help reduce itching, dryness, and inflammation without the side effects associated with long-term steroid use.

Tips for preventing eczema flare-ups

In addition to using topical remedies that may soothe acute symptoms, making beneficial dietary and lifestyle changes can help reduce the frequency and severity of eczema flare-ups.

Here are four tips for preventing eczema flare-ups. 

1. Identify eczema triggers

Identifying individual eczema triggers is vital, as symptoms often get worse due to exposure to allergens or irritants. 

Common triggers include exposure to dust mites, pet dander, pollen, or mold, as well as emotional stress. In addition, keep a food diary to track your intake of dairy, gluten, eggs, and soy, which are common trigger foods.  

Note down your exposure to environmental triggers such as heat, humidity, or cold, dry air, which can all worsen and irritate eczema.

Recognizing patterns between flare-ups and specific triggers can help you make lifestyle adjustments to minimize or prevent eczema symptoms.

2. Follow an anti-inflammatory diet 

Following an anti-inflammatory diet can help reduce eczema symptoms and prevent flare-ups by supporting the skin’s barrier function. 

Some of the best anti-inflammatory foods include leafy green vegetables, fatty fish, berries, turmeric, and healthy fats such as olive oil and avocado. 

Healthy Keto® is an excellent meal plan for those trying to manage and lower inflammation. 

Not only does Healthy Keto eliminate pro-inflammatory foods like processed snacks, sugar, and refined carbohydrates, but it also focuses on nutrient-rich, whole foods that support overall skin health and balanced inflammatory responses. 

3. Support gut health

A balanced intestinal microflora is vital for immune balance, inflammation regulation, and skin integrity, and a lack of beneficial gut microbes has long been associated with an increased risk of eczema.   

Supporting a diverse microbiome with fermented foods rich in probiotics such as kefir, raw sauerkraut, kimchi, yogurt, and kombucha can help relieve itching and reduce skin inflammation.

4. Practice intermittent fasting 

A study published in Aging Research Reviews reported that prolonged periods of caloric restriction trigger profound hormonal and metabolic shifts that appear to directly lower inflammation.⁵ 

“Fasting has powerful anti-inflammatory effects, and many individuals who started incorporating time-restricted eating routines notice improved skin health and more balanced immune responses,” explains Dr. Berg. 

When to talk to your doctor

If you’re experiencing symptoms such as persistent itching, rashes, or skin irritation that doesn’t improve with basic care, it’s recommended to seek medical support. 

A primary care provider or dermatologist can help diagnose eczema by evaluating your symptoms, reviewing your medical history, and possibly performing allergy testing. 

Getting eczema diagnosed early allows for better management and helps prevent further complications such as secondary skin infections and permanent skin discoloration. 

Key takeaways

Understanding the common causes of eczema plays a vital role in effectively managing symptoms and preventing flare-ups. 

Identifying personal triggers such as food sensitivities, allergies, or hormonal shifts helps guide supportive dietary and lifestyle changes to strengthen the skin’s barrier, reduce inflammation, and improve overall skin health.

FAQ

Sources

1. https://nationaleczema.org/eczema-facts/ ?
2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538209/ ?
3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8172074/ ?
4. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.976698/full ?
5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568163725001436 ?